A Windows stop code, also known as a Blue Screen of Death (BSOD), occurs when Windows encounters a critical system error that forces it to shut down or restart. A stop code will display on a blue screen along with a short description of the error and error code. Getting a stop code can be alarming but there are usually straightforward explanations for what causes them. In this article, we’ll go over the common causes of Windows stop codes and how to troubleshoot them.
What is a Stop Code?
A stop code, technically called a Stop error or bug check, happens when the Windows Kernel detects an internal fatal system error from which it cannot safely recover. This causes Windows to stop running programs and shut down to prevent potential data loss or damage.
Stop codes are indicated by a blue screen displaying the error name, error code, and several lines of data. The data shown can help identify the specific problem. The text on the screen will also prompt you to restart your computer, though any unsaved work will be lost.
Some common stop code names you may encounter include:
- IRQL_NOT_LESS_OR_EQUAL
- KMODE_EXCEPTION_NOT_HANDLED
- PAGE_FAULT_IN_NONPAGED_AREA
- SYSTEM_THREAD_EXCEPTION_NOT_HANDLED
- SYSTEM_SERVICE_EXCEPTION
The stop code and data shown can be useful for troubleshooting the problem. Windows keeps a memory dump file of diagnostic data that can provide additional details about what went wrong.
Why Do Stop Codes Happen?
There are a variety of potential causes for a Windows stop code. Here are some of the most common reasons:
Hardware failures
Hardware problems like bad RAM, a failing hard drive, overheating CPU, or defective graphics card can cause stop errors. Faulty hardware may fail to respond properly or return invalid data to Windows, leading to crashes.
Driver issues
Buggy, outdated, or incompatible drivers can trigger stop codes if they interfere with critical Windows processes. Graphics drivers in particular are a common source of Windows crashes.
Software conflicts
Incompatible or buggy software can sometimes crash Windows. This includes both third-party programs as well as core Windows processes. Conflicts between security software are a prime example.
Malware/viruses
Viruses, spyware, and other malware can sometimes cause catastrophic Windows crashes. This is because malicious software may deliberately try to exploit vulnerabilities and access protected system resources.
System file corruption
Critical Windows system files can become corrupted or damaged, preventing Windows from working properly. This can occur following an unexpected shutdown, power loss, or storage drive errors.
Heat
Excessive heat, such as from high CPU usage during gaming or a clogged cooling fan, can potentially lead to stop errors. Overheating components may start to fail or return invalid data.
Faulty system updates/patches
Rarely, flawed Windows, driver, or firmware updates may contain bugs that cause stop errors, usually soon after installation. Extensive testing is done to avoid this, but bugs still occasionally slip through.
How to Troubleshoot a Stop Code
Diagnosing what is causing a particular stop code can take some investigation but there are systematic steps you can take. Here are some tips for troubleshooting stop errors:
1. Note the stop code name and number
The stop code name and hexadecimal number displayed can indicate what type of problem occurred. Make a note of it before restarting.
2. Research the specific stop code online
Search for the stop code name and number to find information on what may be causing it and recommended solutions. Each code has distinct troubleshooting steps.
3. Check for overheating components
Use monitoring software like SpeedFan or open up the case to check for excessive heat or dust buildup. Thermal issues can lead to a variety of stop codes.
4. Update drivers
Update any outdated drivers, focusing on critical components like storage drives, motherboard, and graphics. Graphics drivers in particular are commonly linked to crashes.
5. Scan for malware
Malware scanning using good anti-virus software can identify any malicious programs that may be contributing to crashes.
6. Run SFC and DISM
System File Checker (SFC) and Deployment Image Servicing and Management (DISM) can check for and replace corrupted Windows system files.
7. Test hardware components
Run hardware diagnostics tools offered by your motherboard or component manufacturers. Test RAM using Windows Memory Diagnostic. Try swapping in known good hardware if available.
8. Undo recent changes
If the crashes started after an update, system change, or new software, revert back and see if the problem goes away.
9. Check memory dumps
View memory dump files in the Windows/Minidump folder for technical details on possible causes. Use Debugging Tools for Windows to analyze dumps.
10. Start Windows in Safe Mode
Booting in Safe Mode loads only essential drivers and services. If crashes no longer occur, it indicates a driver or software issue.
Persisting stop errors usually point to a hardware defect or failure. If the problem started recently, it is more likely a software or driver issue. Check for overheating, malware, and driver updates first.
How to Prevent Stop Codes
While you cannot always prevent unexpected stop codes, here are some best practices to help avoid them:
- Keep your system updated with the latest Windows patches/fixes
- Update drivers, especially graphics drivers
- Only install software from trusted sources
- Use a modern, well-reviewed anti-virus program
- Don’t overclock components beyond manufacturer limits
- Regularly monitor system temperatures
- Ensure proper system cooling and airflow
- Use a quality power supply sized for your components
- Enable automatic restarts on system failure in Windows
Following these tips will help maintain a stable Windows environment and reduce avoidable causes of crashes.
Conclusion
Windows stop codes or BSODs certainly can be annoying when they happen. However, don’t panic when you encounter one. There are logical reasons stop errors occur and steps you can take to identify root causes. Check for overheating, malware, hardware issues, and software conflicts first. Stop codes also provide valuable clues through their names, numbers, and memory dumps. With some patient troubleshooting, you should be able to resolve most stop code issues and get your PC running smoothly again.
